Benedict arnold biography timeline designs

After the war, he settled in Canada and died in obscurity in Benedict Arnold was born into a well-established and respected family in Norwich, Connecticut. With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in , Benedict Arnold quickly aligned himself with the revolutionary cause. He joined the Connecticut militia and demonstrated his military leadership by participating in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in New York.

This was a significant early victory for the American rebels, as it provided them with valuable artillery and munitions. The expedition was grueling and faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather, difficult terrain, and dwindling supplies. Despite these difficulties, Arnold and his men managed to reach Quebec, but their attempt to capture the city was unsuccessful.

Court Martialed After incurring significant debt, Arnold was court martialed. He received only minimal punishment. Andre had known Peggy prior to the British retreat. He intentionally refused repairs or resupply at the base, weakening it. Met with Andre In September , Arnold met with Andre, providing him with additional information about the American forces.

Andre was captured only a few days later. Armamentarium chirurgicum , work of Ger. Johann Amos Comenius publishes in Nuremberg first picture book for children, Orbis sensualium pictus. Robert Hooke, naturalist and philosopher, invents the balance spring for watches. Financier Johann Palmstruck devises first bank note, issued by the Swed.

Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chymist , with definition of chemical elements. Christian Huyghens invents the manometer for ascertaining elastic forces of gases. Thomas Fuller: The worthies of England , biographical reference work posth. Conventicle Act, against Nonconformists, forbids meetings of more than five people. America, W.

Africa and W. Francis Grimaldi: Physico-mathesis de lumine posth. Caleb Cheeshateaumuck, first N. Indian to take an A. Degree at Harvard. John Locke's constitution for Carolina approved, S. Hudson's Bay Company incorporated by royal charter to trade in region of N. America draining into Hudson Bay. Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie , first Russ.

Sivaji Bhonsla declares himself independent of the Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb; founds Mahratta state and is crowned at Raigarh. Louis Moreri: Le Grand Dictionnaire historique , first encyclopedic reference work on history. John Mayow: Tractatus quinque medico-physici , on the nature of combustion. Parliament for 15 months. Poems of Basho pseudonym of Matsuo Munefusa help popularise Jap.

Thomas Britton, Eng. Abraham a Sancta Clara: Merk's Wien! Defensive alliances between Brandenburg and France and between Brandenburg and Sweden. Jean Mabillon: De re diplomatica , study of historical documents as foundation of historical criticism. Pierre Bayle: Thoughts on the Comet of , against superstitions on comets. Acta eruditorum , first learned periodical appears in Latin in Leipzig.

Henry Purcell : Ode for St. Cecelia's Day 2 composed in this year, 2 more later. Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun, moon, and earth. Hungarian diet of Pressburg recognises the crown as hereditary possession of the male line of Hapsburgs. Seven Eng. Joseph de la Vega: Confusion de confusiones , description of transactions on Amsterdam Exchange.

Henry Purcell : Musik's Handmaid for harpsichord including a version of 'Lilliburlero'. Johann Konrad Amman: Der redende Stumme , manual of language for deaf-mutes. The Bank, later becomes banking house of Coutts and Co. Secret society, Knights of the Apocalypse, founded in Italy to defend the church against the antichrist. John Locke: Thoughts Concerning Education , on learning foreign languages.

Henry Purcell : 'The Golden Sonata' for 2 violins, viola de gamba, and keyboard. Peter the Great, calling himself Peter Michailoff, sets out on a year-and-a-half journey to Prussia, Holland, England and Vienna to study European ways of life. Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau introduces goose-stepping and iron ramrods in Prussian army. Johann Pachelbel : Hexachordum Apollinis six arias with variations for organ or harpsichord.

Act of Settlement in Britain. This settlement establishes the Hanoverian Monarchy. Music publisher Henry Playford establishes a series of weekly concerts at Oxford. Peter the Great divides Russia into eight government districts to ease administration. Asentio Treaty signed by Britain and Spain. This treaty begins the most active period of the British slave trade.

English painter and architect William Kent "frees the English garden from formality". Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il trionfo dell'onore ovvero Il dissoluto pentito. Philibert-Joseph Le Roux: Dictionnaire comique, satryique, critque, burlesque, libre, et proverbial. Johann Sebastian Bach : Cantata No. Lodovico Antonio Muratori: Rerum italicarum scriptores , collection of medieval historical material.

Professorships of modern history and languages founded at Oxford and Cambridge. Miscellanies , satirical periodical issued by Pope, Swift, and Dr. Johann Sebastian Bach : Suite No. Licensing Act restricts number of London theatres, and all plays before public performance to be subjected to censorship of Lord Chamberlain. Lorraine guaranteed to France.

Frederick the Great introduces freedom of press and freedom of worship in Prussia. Ewald Jurgen von Kleist invents the capacitor Leydon Jar , a fundamental electrical circuit element. Johann Breitkopf, Leipzig music publisher, uses movable type for printing music. French astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille leads expedition to Cape of Good Hope to determine solar and lunar parallax.

Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification. The Black Hole of Calcutta, British soldiers are alledged to have died there. Noverre, ballet master at Stuttgart, publishes his Letter on Dancing and Ballets. Joseph Haydn : Symphonies No. Russian scientist and poet Mikhail V. Lomonosov discovers the atmosphere of Venus.

Morgagni: On the Causes of Diseases , beginning of pathological anatomy. Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, turning it into a practical musical instrument. At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire, Scotland, cast iron converted for the first time into malleable iron. The Literary Club founded in London by Dr. Johnson, with Burke, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Reynolds, etc.

The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude. English "Quack" John Hill introduces method of obtaining specimens for microscopic study. Judge William Murray decides in the Somerset case that a slave is free on landing in England. Lord Chesterfield: Letters to His Son , on how a gentleman should behave.

Swiss educator Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi founds school for orphaned and neglected children in Zurich to enable them to lead productive lives. Joseph II grants patent of religious tolerance and freedom of press in Austria. Joseph Haydn : 'Paris' symphonies including No. Planetary satellites of Saturn, Enceladus and Mimas were discovered by Herschel.

Tammany founded as benevolent institution, but shortly after becomes political. Alexander Raditcheff: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow , a plea for the emancipation of serfs. First ten amendments to U. Public or Social Worship. Kant: Religion innherhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft Religion within the limits of mere reason. Joseph Haydn : Six more 'London' symphonies including No.

John Adams elected second president of the U. Wackenroder and Tieck: Outpourings of a Monk , romantic religious essays. Olbers publishes his method of calculating the orbits of comets. Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell; first battery of zinc and copper plates. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President of U. Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as President of U.

Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France, joined by Austria. Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreve, are reintroduced as weapons into the British army. ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet for piano, two violins, viola, doublebass. ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet for harp, two violins, viola, cello. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British.

She… was the conduit for information to the British. By July , Arnold was providing the British with troop locations and strengths, as well as the locations of supply depots, all the while negotiating over compensation. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws.

Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, , but it was delayed until December by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York , throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. The Commander-in-Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who had rendered such distinguished services to his country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case, a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare that he considers his conduct [in the convicted actions] as imprudent and improper.

Angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April. Early in April , Philip Schuyler had approached Arnold with the possibility of giving him the command at West Point. Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point.

He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources. On June 16, Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and he sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel.

By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture.

Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coup, but failed to respond to Arnold's July 7 letter. Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. In a July 11 letter, he complained that the British did not appear to trust him, and threatened to break off negotiations unless progress was made.

These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. On August 3, , Arnold obtained command of West Point. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized.

On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith , who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength.

Needed repairs of the chain across the Hudson were never ordered. Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area but only minimally at West Point itself or furnished to Washington on request. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain.

In an ironic twist, Heron went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter and offered his own services to the British as a spy.

Benedict arnold biography timeline designs

He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. General Samuel Holden Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of the wife of a prisoner of war.

This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring , a network of spies established under Washington's orders, [ ] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back.

Arnold immediately hastened to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where HMS Vulture was anchored, fleeing on it to New York City. When Washington was presented with proof of Arnold's treason, he said, "Arnold has betrayed me. Whom can we trust now? The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette , who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured.

Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg , but he died of fever on May 12, Arnold commanded the army only until May 20, when Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis arrived with the southern army and took over. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command.

On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. However, British casualties were high; nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, and Clinton declared that he could ill afford any more such victories.

Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. In the House of Commons, Edmund Burke expressed the hope that the government would not put Arnold "at the head of a part of a British army" lest "the sentiments of true honour, which every British officer [holds] dearer than life, should be afflicted".

Arnold then applied to accompany Lieutenant General Guy Carleton , who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company.

In , Arnold and his son Richard moved to Saint John, New Brunswick , where they speculated in land and established a business doing trade with the West Indies. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. He was imprisoned by the French colonial authorities in Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards.

He helped organize militia forces in the British West Indies , receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15, acres 6, ha in Upper Canada , [ ] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. In January , Arnold's health began to decline.

The other leg ached constantly, and he walked only with a cane. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy , and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, , at the age of May God forgive me for ever having put on another," [ ] but this story may be apocryphal.

Mary's Church in Battersea , England. Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. Benedict Arnold became permanently synonymous with "traitor" soon after his betrayal became public. Biblical themes were often invoked. One textbook stated that "Satan entered into the heart of Benedict. Arnold was aware of his reputation in his home country, and French statesman Talleyrand described meeting him in Falmouth, Cornwall in The innkeeper at whose place I had my meals informed me that one of his lodgers was an American general.

Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. After the usual exchange of greetings … I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. It was General Arnold. Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony".

Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold , published in by historian Jared Sparks ; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences.

It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his Life of George Washington , pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point.

Harper's Weekly published an article in describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. It described a boy who stole eggs from birds' nests, pulled wings off insects, and engaged in other sorts of wanton cruelty, who then grew up to become a traitor to his country.

Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there.

It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster , and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. The fourth niche is pointedly empty.

One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general… born ". The house where Arnold lived at 62 Gloucester Place in central London bears a plaque describing him as an "American Patriot", [ ] in the sense that he "felt that what he was doing was in the interest of America". The window's devices commingle the flags of the United States and the United Kingdom.

Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield: [ ] [ ]. Arnold left significant bequests in his will to John Sage born , who has been identified by some historians as a possible illegitimate son, but may also have been a grandchild. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. American-born military officer — For other people named Benedict Arnold, see Benedict Arnold disambiguation. St Mary's Church, Battersea. United States Great Britain. Margaret Mansfield. Peggy Shippen.