Cristoforo colombo biography

He was rejected each time. Their focus was on a war with the Muslims, and their nautical experts were skeptical, so they initially rejected Columbus. The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, because they kept Columbus on a retainer. Columbus continued to lobby the royal court, and soon, the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January Shortly thereafter, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition.

On October 12, , after 36 days of sailing westward across the Atlantic, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in present-day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain. There, his crew encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors. They exchanged glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears.

The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment. Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba which he thought was mainland China and Hispaniola now Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan and meeting with the leaders of the native population. During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola.

Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement. Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain in , Columbus gave a glowing but somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court. In , Columbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean.

Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred. Spurning the wishes of the local queen, Columbus established a forced labor policy upon the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population.

Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Giacomo to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands, further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China. The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court.

The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages. After convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and final voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in NYU Press. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V.

In Benke, Arthur C. Rivers of North America. Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. World Digital Library. Retrieved 17 July University of Illinois Press. In Provenzo, Eugene F. World Archaeology. In King, John ed. The Wilson Quarterly. November — via Google Books. Cornell University Press. Italian Americana. History Today. The History Teacher.

Cristoforo colombo biography

Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house. In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S. The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits. When we speak today of the "legacy" of Christopher Columbus, we usually refer to the broadly historic consequences of his famous voyages, meaning the subsequent European conquest and colonization of the Americas.

Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 August Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February Retrieved 22 March Vintage Books. When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the territory, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants.

This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar—Columbus already discovered America, so what's new—but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives.

When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land. An Introduction to Latin American Philosophy. American Literary History. Retrieved 8 February The encounter between two worlds is a fact that cannot be denied The word discovery gives prominence to the heroes of the enterprise; the word encounter gives more emphasis to the peoples who actually "encountered" each other and gave substance to a New World.

Whereas discovery marks a happening, an event, encounter conveys better the idea of the political journey that has brought us to the reality of today, spanning the five hundred years since These historical and political milestones are valuable because they relate the present to both the past and the future. It was inevitable that history written from a Eurocentric standpoint should speak in terms of discovery and it is equally inevitable that, as history has now come to be seen in universal terms, we should have adopted so evocative a term as encounter.

New York: Plume. Not So! New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 September Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and modern historians. New York: Praeger. European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition. Liverpool University Press. New York: W. Science , , — Geodesy for the Layman Report 4th ed. United States Air Force. This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent.

However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 September Social Justice. Retrieved 29 July The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. NY: Penguin. Monthly Review Press. Retrieved 1 May In McCrank, Lawrence J.

Haworth Press. Atlantic Studies. Retrieved 29 March The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August The Ottawa Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 16 July LSU Press. PMC Harvard Gazette -US. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 27 May Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. New York: Alfred A.

London, England: Windmill Books. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 June Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode : QSRv.. Public Opinion Quarterly. Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 April Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Retrieved 25 December The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Western Journal of Medicine. London, England: BMJ : 65— Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Wollongong, New South Wales: Elsevier : 13— While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century.

Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Journal of Navigation. Bibcode : JNav Archived from the original PDF on 5 July Retrieved 4 July Mexico City, , book 1, chapter 2, Of Columbus, too, none of the familiarly reproduced portraits is thought to have been made in his lifetime.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. University of Texas Press. Renaissance Quarterly. Bergreen, Lawrence Columbus: The Four Voyages, — Caballos, Estaban Mira Iberoamericana in Spanish. Columbus, Christopher Major, Richard Henry ed. London: The Hakluyt Society. Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo []. Markham, Clements R. Columbus, Christopher [].

Columbus, Ferdinand A History of the Life and Actions of Adm. A Collection of voyages and travels. London : Printed by assignment from Messrs. Churchill for John Walthoe Crosby, A. Washington, D. Davidson, Miles H. Columbus then and now: a life reexamined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Dyson, John Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory.

Madison Press. Fuson, Robert H. International Marine Horwitz, Tony Joseph, Edward Lanzar History of Trinidad. Lopez, Barry The Rediscovery of North America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Morison, Samuel Eliot []. New York: Time. Murphy, Patrick J. Ostapkowicz, Joanna Phillips, William D. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus.

Zinn, Howard []. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. Wikisource has original works by or about: Christopher Columbus. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christopher Columbus. Wikiquote has quotations related to Christopher Columbus. Library resources about Christopher Columbus. Resources in your library Resources in other libraries.

History of the Americas. Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories Christopher Columbus Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization. Spanish Empire. Terra Australis. Administrative subdivisions.

Authority control databases. Toggle the table of contents. In office — Isabella I of Castile. Francisco de Bobadilla. He commanded three ships and a crew of 90 men. After a stop in the Canary Islands, the expedition embarked on a two-month-long voyage. Worried, the crew almost mutinied. On October 10, , land was finally sighted. The ships landed on October 12 on the island of Guanahami, in the present-day Bahamas.

He arrived on the island on October 28 and declared it Spanish territory. The captain of the Pinta deserted to search for gold further west. Vespucci had made several voyages to America, though the exact number and dates are uncertain. Though he was not the first to land on the continent, Vespucci was the first to recognize that they had discovered a new continent.

Ironically, he was convinced he had reached the Indies and was completely satisfied with having achieved his goal. He would never know that he had discovered a new continent and that his discovery would earn him a place in the annals of geography. To everyone, Christopher Columbus is the one who discovered America. In reality, other navigators, such as the Icelander Leif Eriksson the son of Erik the Red , had done so several centuries before him.

But history has retained the name of the Italian navigator. In September , once again mandated by Queen Isabella I of Spain, Christopher Columbus set sail with a fleet of 17 ships and 1, men with the goal of establishing a colony. He explored the coasts of Cuba and Jamaica. He found the garrison in Hispaniola, which he had established during his first voyage, decimated by syphilis or by the Indigenous peoples.

Columbus settled farther away and founded the colony of Isabela, entrusting its governance to his brother, Bartolomeo Columbus. He discovered that the indigenous people of these islands practiced cannibalism, using this as a pretext to enslave them. He returned to Spain in Five of the eight ships were redirected to Hispaniola to supply it.

The Admiral continued his expedition toward the island of Trinidad. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain received complaints about the mismanagement of the colony. They sent Francisco de Bobadilla a Spanish colonial administrator to arrest Columbus and his brother. And, most intriguingly, even Ferdinand Columbus seemingly admitted that his father wished, for unknown reasons, to obscure his true origins.

Some historians have argued that his marriage into a noble Portuguese family would have been unlikely had he been an unknown and yet-unproven foreigner. In early , researchers began to put this theory to the test. Supporters of the idea that Columbus was from Spain after all have also gotten a boost in recent years. According to her research, he was born in the kingdom of Aragon, in Northern Spain, and his primary language was Castilian there are no existing documents in which Columbus used Ligurian, the common language of Genoa.

But if he was Spanish all along, why go to great lengths to disguise his identity? Because, Irizarry and a number of other historians argue, Columbus was actually Jewish.