Samuel hearne biography summary rubric

It went through two English editions and by had been translated into German, Dutch, and French. Hearne the fur-trader served his company well by land and by sea in a variety of responsibilities. The skill in observation and desire for realism revealed in his book mark him as a significant early naturalist. As an explorer and writer, he represents an interesting combination of physical endurance and intellectual curiosity.

New York, and the other by R. Glover Toronto, HBC Arch. Journals of Hearne and Turnor Tyrrell. London , XXXI , — George Back, Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River , and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean , in the years , , and London, , — Morton, History of Canadian west. London , 5th ser.

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Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. T he first European to travel across the vast interior of northern Canada, Samuel Hearne also became the first to reach the Arctic Ocean from North America via an overland route.

The findings of his journey, including the discovery of the Coppermine River, added to the growing knowledge that no viable Northwest Passage existed between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Born in London in , Hearne was the son of an engineer who died when Hearne was three years old. By age 11, he was working as a servant on a Royal Navy ship, and would remain in the naval service until the age of At that point he took a post as mate on a trading ship bound for Churchill, Manitoba.

Churchill was a fur-trading post, but at that time Hearne's employer, the Hudson's Bay Company, had begun looking for opportunities to diversify. Copper looked promising, and after proving himself by his service to the company at sea, Hearne was commissioned to undertake an expedition for copper deposits in the Canadian interior.

He made the first of three trips in November , but his Native American guide deserted him, and Hearne was forced to turn back. Another attempt in the following February ended in disaster, and Hearne spent several months wandering alone. On the third try, however, he had a highly experienced guide, the Chipewyan chief Matonabbee. Departing from Churchill in early December , the party crossed a wide desert, living on buffalo and caribou, before arriving at the Coppermine River on July 14, Along the way, the Chipewyan met a band of Inuit, their enemies, and Hearne later recorded the slaughter of the Inuit that he witnessed.

The party followed the Coppermine all the way to the Arctic Ocean , then turned upstream to look for copper. Though in fact there are sizeable copper deposits in the area, Hearne ran out of time before he could locate them, and returned with nothing more than a lump of copper he had found. On his trip back south with Matonabbee and the others, he became the first white man to see and cross the Great Slave Lake.

Samuel hearne biography summary rubric

They reached Churchill at the end of June Recognizing Hearne's abilities, the Hudson's Bay Company chose him to open its first inland trading post, and in the winter of he established Cumberland House, the first European settlement in what came to be the province of Saskatchewan. When the last First Nations left, Hearne and his European companions returned to the sheltered valley of the Seal River, where he was able to find venison, and reached Churchill on 11 December.

Second Journey: Since he could not control the northern First Nations, Hearne proposed to try again using 'home guards', that is, Cree who lived around the post and hunted in exchange for European supplies. He left Churchill on 23 February. Reaching the Seal River, he found good hunting and followed it west until he reached a large lake, probably Sethnanei Lake.

Here he decided to wait for better weather and live by fishing. In April, the fish began to give out. On 24 April, a large body of Indigenous people, mostly women, arrived from the south for the annual goose hunt. On 19 May, the geese arrived and there was now plenty to eat. They headed north and east past Baralzone Lake. By June, the geese had flown further north and they were again threatened with famine.

At one point, they killed three muskoxen and had to eat them raw because it was too wet to light a fire. They crossed the Kazan River above Yathkyed Lake where they found good hunting and fishing and then went west to Lake Dubawnt which is about km mi northwest of Churchill. On 14 August, his quadrant was destroyed, which accounts for the inaccuracy of latitudes on the remainder to this and the next journey.

At this point the sources become vague, but Hearne returned to Churchill in the autumn. On his return journey he met Matonabbee who was to be his guide on the next journey. Matonabbee may well have saved him from freezing or starving to death. Most of the land Hearne crossed on his second journey is very desolate and was not properly explored again until Joseph Tyrrell in Third Journey: Hearne contrived to travel as the only European with a group of Chipewyan guides led by Matonabbee.

This third expedition set out in December , to reach the Coppermine River in summer, by which he could descend to the Arctic in canoes. Matonabbee kept a fast pace, so fast they reached the great caribou traverse before provisions dwindled and in time for the spring hunt. Here Northern First Nations Dene hunters gathered to hunt the vast herds of caribou migrating north for the summer.

A store of meat was laid up for Hearne's voyage and a band of " Yellowknife " Dene joined the expedition. Matonabbee ordered his women to wait for his return in the Athabasca country to the west. The Dene were generally a mild and peaceful people, [ 4 ] however, they were in a state of conflict with the Inuit. A great number of Yellowknife First Nations joined Hearne's party to accompany them to the Copper-mine River with intent to kill Inuit, who were understood to frequent that river in considerable numbers.

On 14 July , they reached the Copper-mine River, a small stream flowing over a rocky bed in the "Barren Lands of the Little Sticks". A few miles down the river, just above a cataract , were the domed wigwams of an Eskimo camp. At 1 am on 17 July Matonabbee and the other Indigenous peoples fell upon the sleeping "Esquimaux" in a ruthless massacre.

Approximately twenty men, women and children were killed; this would be known as the Massacre at Bloody Falls. As two Indian men pursued this unfortunate victim, I solicited very hard for her life; but the murderers made no reply till they had stuck both their spears through her body A few days later, Hearne was the first European to reach the shore of the Arctic Ocean by an overland route.